Monday, December 30, 2019
The Result of Vodafone Operations for 2008 and 2009 Financial Periods Free Essay Example, 3000 words
The ROI provided a negative return that should alarm the company. Several factors have contributed to the decrease of share prices of Vodafone. Vodafone Share price as reported on the London Stock Exchange (high) shows 1.49 for 2005, 1.55 for 2006, 1.54 for 2007, 1.98 for 2008 and a decreased share price of 1.70 in 2009. (Vodafone Annual Report) Stock price as of December 5, 2009, quoted from ADVFN is $140. The volatility of the market price depends on many factors, such as recession and company performance. The combined factors of unemployment, tight credit, competition and company performance are among the determinants of the increase or decrease of share prices of Vodafone. The share price of Vodafone reached a high level during the first part of 2008, and dipped down during the last quarter of 2008 to 2009 the beginning of recession period. See Chart 1 Business week carried a report saying that as stocks are turning out to be great again in 2009, growth of telecom was slow. The S Ps index is up by 21%, while telecom sector was down by 1.6% this year. We will write a custom essay sample on The Result of Vodafone Operations for 2008 and 2009 Financial Periods or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page
Sunday, December 22, 2019
Is The World Flat Or Round - 1136 Words
The world and all the complex creations that live upon it have always been a mystery to man. Questions of creation have been posed by man since the earliest times. How are we here upon this land? Is the world flat or round? How did this world get here, hanging in this vast open space? Man has always yearned to know all, to make sense of everything around us, and every culture has created their own creation mythology to explain the unknown. Christianity. One of the most well-known creation stories in the world. The bible, set down approximately 3500 years ago, sells about 100 million copies a year. Christian bible states that the creator of the world was God, and God alone, through the book Genesis, in chapters 1 through 3. God was said in the bible to have created the Earth, animals, and man in 7 days. In the first days, God was said to have created the heavens and the Earth. By speaking unto the immeasurable nothing covering his creation, let there be light, light was separat ed into darkness, thus creating the days. The second day he created the skies to separate it from the water on earth. Next, he created the land and the seas. The next day he made the land fruitful and filled it with vegetation. On the fourth, he made the seasons, the stars, the moon, and the sun. The fifth day, he created great creatures of the sea and winged ones to fly in the sky. On the sixth, he created wild animals and livestock according to their kinds. On that same day, he createdShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1187 Words  | 5 PagesRainbow clapped. â€Å"Yes! Earth! Why the hell is the Earth flat?†Twilight flinched, and it looked like she was going to have a heart attack or seizure, or even a stroke for hearing such a filthy, ridiculous question. â€Å"†¦What? Are you serious? Are you asking me why the Earth is flat?†â€Å"No, I’m asking you why the Earth is triangular,†Rainbow said. Twilight’s eyes started to twitch, and her face jerked. â€Å"The Earth is not flat, Rainbow. It’s round. A sphere. You know? Like a ball?†â€Å"Pfft, no it’s notRead MoreMy Honor Program938 Words  | 4 PagesWozniak, Gates had Allen, and Page had Brin to help them out. The fact that some of the smartest people in the world needed help to accomplish their dreams is the reason that I have chosen to apply to these honors programs. My goal in life is to change the world and create a startup not for money or fame, but to improve society to the extent as some of these huge companies. Imagine a world where people spend hours searching for a specific website in the absence of Google. I want to live in a futureRead MoreInt11363 Words  | 6 Pages CONCEPT: A FLAT EARTH Many ancient cultures believed the Earth was flat and surrounded by water. 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That ofRead MoreThe Garden Lodge by Willa Cather985 Words  | 4 Pagesdecides to go on with building the summer house and demolishing the garden lodge. The author uses flashback to explain how Caroline grew up and also when she reminiscences about her time with Raymond. The characters in â€Å"The Garden Noble†are both flat and round characters, who help characterize Caroline throughout the story, especially when the story flashbacks to her childhood. Willa Cather tells rather than shows her characters. 1. Caroline Noble- She is the protagonist/hero and her plausible motivationRead MoreThat which Is Accepted as Knowledge Todays Is Sometimes Discarded Tomorrow1271 Words  | 6 Pagesâ€Å"knowledge†by referring to an entity which is thought to be superior to all the living on Earth. Then there are those which are open minded, which stand out from the crowd, whose own curiosity takes the lead into finding out the secrets of the world. 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Saturday, December 14, 2019
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Free Essays
string(28) " with the help of the USSR\." a report on practical traning taken at bhilai steel plant, bhilai (c. g. ) submitted to :- submitted by :- prof. We will write a custom essay sample on Electrical and Electronics Engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now sandeep aysha rahman chandravanshi hod, eee submitted by :- aysha rahman semester :- 4th sem branch :- electrical elect ronics engineering course:- b. e. college:- kruti institute of technology and engineering location:- nardaha,raipur (c. g. ) line – up acknowledgement * certificate * introduction about sail * bhilai steel plant * sources of raw material * process flow of bsp * electrical repair shop * heavy maintainence electrical * safety * conclusion * bibilography acknoledgment I extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to all people who, despite their hectic schedule managed to find time to give lectures on their concerned area of core competence, listened to my questionnaire patiently and dispelled my doubts through interactive correspondence. I am indebted and very grateful to extend my thanks to Mr. Gaurav for all the knowledge they imparted to me and for making this training a joyful learning experience. My sincere thanks to Mr. P. V. V. Pawan and Mr. Lokesh for helping me to do my training well. C E R T I F I C A T E This is to certify that the report of B. E. 4th Semester, BHILAI STEEL PLANT project submitted by AYSHA RAHMAN bearing Roll No. :3412509004 Enrollment No. :AF0574 , carried out for the partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of Degree in Bachelor of Engineering in ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai (C. G. ), India. The project work as mentioned above is here by being recommended and forwarded for examination and evaluation. ________________________________ (Signature of Head of the department) Date : STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LIMITED| | TypeOwned by| State-owned enterprise Public (NSE: SAIL, LSE: SAUD)Government of India| Industry| Steel| Founded| 1954| Headquarters| New Delhi, India| Key people| Chandra Shekhar Verma (Chairman)| ProductionRevenue| 13. 5 million metric tons/year$9. 629 billion (2010)| Net income| 1. 520 billion (2010)| Total assets| $15. 655 billion (2010)| Employees| 131,910 (2006)| Website| http://www. sail. co. in/| Steel Authority of India Limited A Maharatna Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the leading steel-making company; among the top five highest profit earning corporate and one of fastest growing Public Sector Unit in India. It is a public sector undertaking which trades publicly in the market is largely owned by Government of India and acts like an operating company. It is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and special steels for domestic construction, engineering, power, railway, automotive and defence industries and for sale in export markets. SAIL is also among the five Maharatna’s of the country’s Central Public Sector Enterprises and is the 16th largest steel producer in the world. |  | SAIL manufactures and sells a broad range of steel products, including hot and cold rolled sheets and coils, galvanized sheets, electrical sheets, structural railway products, plates, bars and rods, stainless steel and other alloy steels. SAIL produces iron and steel at five integrated plants and three special steel plants, located principally in the eastern and central regions of India and situated close to domestic sources of raw materials, including the Company’s iron ore, limestone and dolomite mines. The company has the distinction of being India’s second largest producer of iron ore and of having the country’s second largest mines network. This gives SAIL a competitive edge in terms of captive availability of iron ore, limestone, and dolomite which are inputs for steel making. SAIL’s wide range of long and flat steel products is much in demand in the domestic as well as the international market. This vital responsibility is carried out by SAIL’s own Central Marketing Organization (CMO) that transacts business through its network of 37 Branch Sales Offices spread across the four regions, 25 Departmental Warehouses, 42 Consignment Agents and 27 Customer Contact Offices. CMO’s domestic marketing effort is supplemented by its ever widening network of rural dealers who meet the demands of the smallest customers in the remotest corners of the country. SAIL’s International Trade Division (ITD), in New Delhi- an ISO 9001:2000 accredited unit of CMO, undertakes exports of Mild Steel products and Pig Iron from SAIL’s five integrated steel plants. With technical and managerial expertise and know-how in steel making gained over four decades, SAIL’s Consultancy Division (SAILCON) at New Delhi offers services and consultancy to clients world-wide. SAIL has a well-equipped Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel (RDCIS) at Ranchi which helps to produce quality steel and develop new technologies for the steel industry. Besides, SAIL has its own in-house Centre for Engineering and Technology (CET), Management Training Institute (MTI) and Safety Organization at Ranchi. Our captive mines are under the control of the Raw Materials Division in Kolkata. The Environment Management Division and Growth Division of SAIL operate from their headquarters in Kolkata. | Ownership and Management The Government of India owns about 86% of SAIL’s equity and retains voting control of the Company. However, SAIL, by virtue of its ‘Maharatna’ status, enjoys significant operational and financial autonomy. MAJOR UNITS Integrated Steel Plants| * Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) in Chhattisgarh * Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) in West Bengal * Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) in Orissa * Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) in Jharkhand * IISCO Steel Plant (ISP) in West Bengal | | Special Steel Plants| * Alloy Steels Plants (ASP) in West Bengal * Salem Steel Plant (SSP) in Tamil Nadu * Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant (VISL) in Karnataka | | | | Joint Ventures| | | | * NTPC SAIL Power Company Pvt. Limited (NSPCL) * Bokaro Power Supply Company Pvt. Limited (BPSCL) * Mjunction Services Limited * SAIL-Bansal Service Centre Limited * Bhilai JP Cement Limited * Bokaro JP Cement Limited * SAIL ; MOIL Ferro Alloys (Pvt. ) Limited * S ; T Mining Company Pvt. Limited * International Coal Ventures Private Limited * SAIL SCI Shipping Pvt. Limited * SAIL RITES Bengal Wagon Industry Pvt. Limited * SAIL SCL Limited| | bHILAI STEEL PLANT The Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) – a public sector undertaking run by the Steel Authority of India – built with Soviet co-operation and technology, and began production in 1959. Located in Bhilai, Chhattisgarh is India’s only producer of steel rails, and is a major producer of rails and heavy steel plates and structural components. In the 2004-05 fiscal year, it is the Steel Authority of India Limited’s most profitable plant. This steel plant was set up with the help of the USSR. You read "Electrical and Electronics Engineering" in category "Essay examples" Nine – time winner of Prime Minister’s Trophy for best Integrated Steel Plant in the country. The plant is the sole supplier of the country’s longest rail tracks of 260 metres. With an annual production capacity of 3. 53 MT of saleable steel, the plant also specializes in other products such as wire rods and merchant products. Since BSP is accredited with ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management System Standard, all saleable products of Bhilai Steel Plant come under the ISO umbrella. At Bhilai IS0:14001 have been awarded for Environment Management System in the Plant, Township and Dalli Mines. It is the only steel plant to get certification in all these areas. The Plant is accredited with SA: 8000 certification for social accountability and the OHSAS-18001 certification for Occupational health and safety. These internationally recognised certifications add value to Bhilai’s products the best organizations in the steel industry. Among the long list of national awards it has won, Bhilai has bagged the CII-ITC Sustainability award for three consecutive years. Bhilai Steel Plant manages a well planned township (Bhilainagar) which as 13 sectors. It was deliberately located in what was then regarded as a remote and â€Å"backward†rural area, profits being secondary to employment in the planning priorities of the time. BSP currently has nearly 55,000 permanent workers on its direct pay-roll, of whom approximately three-fifths work inside the 17 square kilometer plant and the remainder for its associated mines and quarries, and for the purpose-built BSP township. This compares with a regular workforce of 63,400 in 1987. In addition, on any one day there are at present something in the region of 8,000 contract workers employed by the plant and the township, and a further 3,500 – 4,000 employed by the mines. BSP has for some years shown a profit, and is widely regarded as the most successful of those in the Indian public sector. It runs at its four million ton capacity; produces cheaper steel, and has a record of considerably more harmonious industrial relations than any of the other state-run steel plants, and also than the vast majority of private sector factories which now surround it, and for which it served as a magnet. Though local job creation was one of its main objectives, and though the principle was soon established that one member from every family which had relinquished land should have an automatic right to BSP employment, the local Chhattisgarhis were initially reluctant recruits. Location : Forty kms west of Raipur, the capital city of Chhattisgarh, along the Howrah-Mumbai railway line and the Great-Eastern highway, stands Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP). Source of Raw Materials: 1. Iron Ore                         †¦. Dalli, Rajahara Mines  2. Lime Stone                     †¦. Nandini Mines 3. Manganese                     †¦. Balaghat Mines 4. Sinter                             †¦. Sintering Plants (SP-2, SP-3) 5. Coke                              †¦. Coke Ovens (Coke sorting plants) 6. Converter SlagÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ¢â‚¬ ¦. SMS – l Captive mines Iron-ore| – Dalli-Rajhara Iron Ore Complex, 80 kms from Bhilai | Limestone| – Nandini, 23 kms from Bhilai| Dolomite| – Hirri, 150 kms from Bhilai| Coke Ovens BATT NO. | NO. OF OVENS| OVEN HEIGHT(M) | COAL HOLDING CAPACITY PER OVEN (T) | USEFUL VOLUME PER OVEN CU. M. | SP. HEAT CONSPN. KCAL/KG| 1-8| 65| 4. 3| 16. 8| 21. 6| 625-675 | 910| 67| 7. 0| 32. 0| 41. 6| 625-675 | Blast Furnaces * 3 of 1033 Cu m capacity each * 3 of 1719 Cu m capacity each * 1 of 2355 Cu m capacity Hot Metal Capacity: 4. 70 MT / year PROCESS FLOW OF BSP PROCUCTS OF BSP A. FINISHED PRODUCTS Rail Structural Mill Rails in 13m, 26m, 65/78 m length and welded panels of 130m / 260m length Indian Railways, Export Heavy Structurals Construction, Crane Rails, Cranes, Crossing sleepers, Broad gauge sleepers * Merchant Mill Lt. Structurals, Engineering and Construction, Med. Rounds (Plain TMT), Heavy rounds (Plain) * Wire Rod Mill Wire Rods- Plain Construction, Wire Rods- TMT, EQ Wire Rods Electrode s * Plate Mill Plates Boilers, Defence, Railways, Ship building, LPG cylinders, Export B. SEMIS Billets (from BBM), Re-rollers Blooms (from BBM), Narrow width slabs, CC Blooms, Killed Slabs C. Pig Iron Foundry D. By Products Coal Chemicals, Ammonium Sulphate (Fertiliser) Tar and tar products, (Pitch, Naphthalene, Creosote Oil Road Tar, Anthracene oil, Dephenolised oil, PCM etc. ), Benzol its products (NG Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Solvent oil, By. Benzol etc. ), Processed Slag Granulated slag from CHSG Plants SGP for cement manufacture. RODUCT-MIX| TONNES/ANNUM| Semis | 5,33,000| Rail Heavy Structural | 7,50,000| Merchant Products (Angles, Channels, Round TMT bars)| 5,00,000| Wire Rods (TMT, Plain Ribbed) | 4,20,000| Plates (up to 3600 mm wide) | 9,50,000| Total Saleable steel | 31,53,000 | Requirements for producing of one ton of Hot Metal (Specific Consumption) Iron Ore                        †¦. 459 Kg Lime Stone                 †¦. 850 Kg(Depending on Sinter Usage) Manganese                 †¦. 800 Kg(50% in burden) Sinter                           †¦. 35 Kg Coke                            †¦. 08 Kg ELECTRICAL RERAIP SHOP JOB FLOW CHART PLANT RECEIPT ISSUE AT ERS TESTING MACHINE SPARE PART ASSEMBLY COMMUTATOR WINDING MAGNET TRANSFORMER VARNISHING TASKS done in ers * Assembles electrical parts such as alternators, generators, starting devices and switches; following schematic drawings, using hand, machine and power tools. * Repairs and rebuilds defective mechanical parts in electric motors, generators and related equipment, using hand tools and power tools. * Tests for overheating, using speed gauges and thermometers. * Rewinds coils on core while core is in slots, or make replacement coils, using coil-winding machine. Replaces defective parts such as coil leads, carbon brushes and connecting wires using soldering equipment. * Installs, secures and aligns parts using hand tools welding equipment and electrical meters. * Rewires electrical systems and repairs or replaces electrical accessories. * Reassembles repaired electric motors to specified requirements and ratings, using hand tools and electric meters. * Disassembles defective units using hand tools. * Measures velocity, horsepower, r. p. m, amperage circuitry and voltage of units or parts using electrical meters and mechanical testing devices. Cuts and removes parts such as defective coils and insulation. * Adjusts working parts such as fan belt tension, voltage output, contacts and springs using hand tools and verifies corrections using gauges. * Tests charges and replaces batteries. * Inspects parts for wear or damage or reads work order or schematic drawings to determine required repairs. * Cuts and forms insulation and inserts insulation into armature, rotor or stator slots. * Refaces, reams and polishes commutators and machine parts to specified tolerances using machine tools. HEAVY MAINTENANCE ELECTRICALS MAINTENANCE OF MOTORS The key to minimizing motor problems is scheduled routine inspection and service. The frequency of routine service varies widely between applications. Including the motors in the maintenance schedule for the driven machine or general plant equipment is usually sufficient. A motor may require additional or more frequent attention if a breakdown would cause health or safety problems, severe loss of production, damage to expensive equipment or other serious losses. Written records indicating date, items inspected, service performed and motor condition are important to an effective routine maintenance program. From such records, specific problems in each application can be identified and solved routinely to avoid breakdowns and production losses. The routine inspection and servicing can generally be done without disconnecting or disassembling the motor. It involves the following factors: Dirt and Corrosion: 1. Wipe, brush, vacuum or blow accumulated dirt from the frame and air passages of the motor. Dirty motors run hot when thick dirt insulates the frame and clogged passages reduce cooling air flow. Heat reduces insulation life and eventually causes motor failure. 2. Feel for air being discharged from the cooling air ports. If the flow is weak or unsteady, internal air passages are probably clogged. Remove the motor from service and clean. 3. Check for signs of corrosion. Serious corrosion may indicate internal deterioration and/or a need for external repainting. Schedule the removal of the motor from service for complete inspection and possible rebuilding. 4. In wet or corrosive environments, open the conduit box and check for deteriorating insulation or corroded terminals. Repair as needed. Lubrication: Lubricate the bearings only when scheduled or if they are noisy or running hot. Do NOT over-lubricate. Excessive grease and oil creates dirt and can damage bearings. Heat, Noise and Vibration: Feel the motor frame and bearings for excessive heat or vibration. Listen for abnormal noise. All indicate a possible system failure. Promptly identify and eliminate the source of the heat, noise or vibration. Winding Insulation: When records indicate a tendency toward periodic winding failures in the application, check the condition of the insulation with an insulation resistance test. Such testing is especially important for motors operated in et or corrosive atmospheres or in high ambient temperatures. Brushes and Commutators (DC Motors): 1. Observe the brushes while the motor is running. The brushes must ride on the commutator smoothly with little or no sparking and no brush noise (chatter). 2. Stop the motor. Be certain that: * The brushes move freely in the holder and the spring tension on each brush is about equal. * Every brush has a polished surface over the entir e working face indicating good seating. * The commutator is clean, smooth and has a polished brown surface where the brushes ride. NOTE: Always put each brush back into its original holder. Interchanging brushes decreases commutation ability. * There is no grooving of the commutator (small grooves around the circumference of the commutator). If there is grooving, remove the motor from service immediately as this is a symptomatic indication of a very serious problem. 3. Replace the brushes if there is any chance they will not last until the next inspection date. 4. If accumulating, clean foreign material from the grooves between the commutator bars and from the brush holders and posts. 5. Brush sparking, chatter, excessive wear or chipping, and a dirty or rough commutator indicate motor problems requiring prompt service. Figure 1. Typical DC Motor Brushes and Commutator Brushes and Collector Rings (Synchronous Motors) 1. Black spots on the collector rings must be removed by rubbing lightly with fine sandpaper. If not removed, these spots cause pitting that requires regrinding the rings. Figure 2. Rotary Converter Armature Showing Commutator And Slip Rings. 2. An imprint of the brush, signs of arcing or uneven wear indicate the need to remove the motor from service and repair or replace the rings. . Check the collector ring brushes as described under â€Å"Brushes and Commutators†. They do not, however, wear as rapidly as commutator brushes. BEARING LUBRICATION: Introduction Modern motor designs usually provide a generous supply of lubricant in tight bearing housings. Lubrication on a scheduled basis, in conformance with the manufacturer’s recommendations , provides optimum bearing life. Thoroughly clean the lubrication equipment and fittings before lubricating. Dirt introduced into the bearings during lubrication probably causes more bearing failures than the lack of lubrication. Too much grease can over pack bearings and cause them to run hot, shortening their life. Excessive lubricant can find its way inside the motor where it collects dirt and causes insulation deterioration. Many small motors are built with permanently lubricated bearings. They cannot and should not be lubricated. OILING SLEEVE BEARINGS: As a general rule, fractional horsepower motors with a wick lubrication system should be oiled every 2000 hours of operation or at least annually. Dirty, wet or corrosive locations or heavy loading may require oiling at three-month intervals or more often. Roughly 30 drops of oil for a 3-inch diameter frame to 100 drops for a 9-inch diameter frame is sufficient. Use a 150 SUS viscosity turbine oil or SAE 10 automotive oil. Some larger motors are equipped with oil reservoirs and usually a sight gage to check proper level. (Fig. 3) As long as the oil is clean and light in colour, the only requirement is to fill the cavity to the proper level with the oil recommended by the manufacturer. Do not overfill the cavity. If the oil is discoloured, dirty or contains water, remove the drain plug. Flush the bearing with fresh oil until it comes out clean. Coat the plug threads with a sealing compound, replace the plug and fill the cavity to the proper level. When motors are disassembled, wash the housing with a solvent. Discard used felt packing. Replace badly worn bearings. Coat the shaft and bearing surfaces with oil and reassemble. Figure 3. Cross Section of the Bearing System of a Large Motor GREASING BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS: Practically all Reliance ball bearing motors in current production are equipped with the exclusive PLS/Positive Lubrication System. PLS is a patented open-bearing system that provides long, reliable bearing and motor ife regardless of mounting position. Its special internal passages uniformly distribute new grease pumped into the housing during regreasing through the open bearings and forces old grease out through the drain hole. The close running tolerance between shaft and inner bearing cap minimizes entry of contaminants into the housing and grease migration into the motor. The unique V-groove outer sling er seals the opening between the shaft and end bracket while the motor is running or is at rest yet allows relief of grease along the shaft if the drain hole is plugged. Figure 4) The frequency of routine greasing increases with motor size and severity of the application as indicated in Table 1. Actual schedules must be selected by the user for the specific conditions. During scheduled greasing, remove both the inlet and drain plugs. Pump grease into the housing using a standard grease gun and light pressure until clean grease comes out of the drain hole. If the bearings are hot or noisy even after correction of bearing overloads (see â€Å"Troubleshooting†) remove the motor from service. Wash the housing and bearings with a good solvent. Replace bearings that show signs of damage or wear. Repack the bearings, assemble the motor and fill the grease cavity. Whenever motors are disassembled for service, check the bearing housing. Wipe out any old grease. If there are any signs of grease contamination or breakdown, clean and repack the bearing system as described in the preceding paragraph. Figure 4. Cross Section of PLS Bearing System (Positive Lubrication System) HEAT, NOISE AND VIBRATION Heat Excessive heat is both a cause of motor failure and a sign of other motor problems. The primary damage caused by excess heat is to increase the aging rate of the insulation. Heat beyond the insulation’s rating shortens winding life. After overheating, a motor may run satisfactorily but its useful life will be shorter. For maximum motor life, the cause of overheating should be identified and eliminated. As indicated in the Troubleshooting Sections, overheating results from a variety of different motor problems. They can be grouped as follows: * WRONG MOTOR: It may be too small or have the wrong starting torque characteristics for the load. This may be the result of poor initial selection or changes in the load requirements. * POOR COOLING: Accumulated dirt or poor motor location may prevent the free flow of cooling air around the motor. In other cases, the motor may draw heated air from another source. Internal dirt or damage can prevent proper air flow through all sections of the motor. Dirt on the frame may prevent transfer of internal heat to the cooler ambient air. * OVERLOADED DRIVEN MACHINE: Excess loads or jams in the driven machine force the motor to supply higher torque, draw more current and overheat. Table 1. Motor Operating Conditions Motor Horsepower| Light Duty(1)| Standard Duty(2)| Heavy Duty(3)| Severe Duty(4)| Up to 7-1/2 10 to 40 50 to 150 Over 150| 10 years 7 years 4 years 1 year| 7 years years 1-1/2 years 6 months| 4 years 1-1/2 years 9 months 3 months| 9 months 4 months 3 months 2 months| * Light Duty: Motors operate infrequently (1 hour/day or less) as in portable floor sanders, valves, door openers. * Standard Duty: Motors operate in normal applications (1 or 2 work shifts). Examples include air conditioning units, conveyors, refrigeration apparatus, laundry machinery, woodworking and textile machines, water pumps, machine tools, garage compressors. * Heavy Duty: Motors subjected to above normal operation and vibration (running 24 hours/day, 365 days/year). Such operations as in steel mill service, coal and mining machinery, motor-generator sets, fans, pumps. * Severe Duty: Extremely harsh, dirty motor applications. Severe vibration and high ambient conditions often exist. * EXCESSIVE FRICTION: Misalignment, poor bearings and other problems in the driven machine, power transmission system or motor increase the torque required to drive the loads, raising motor operating temperature. * ELECTRICAL OVERLOADS: An electrical failure of a winding or connection in the motor can cause other Windings or the entire motor to overheat. Noise and Vibration Noise indicates motor problems but ordinarily does not cause damage. Noise, however, is usually accompanied by vibration. Vibration can cause damage in several ways. It tends to shake windings loose and mechanically damages insulation by cracking, flaking or abrading the material. Embrittlement of lead wires from excessive movement and brush sparking at commutators or current collector rings also results from vibration. Finally, vibration can speed bearing failure by causing balls to â€Å"brinnell,†sleeve bearings to be pounded out of shape or the housings to loosen in the shells. Whenever noise or vibrations are found in an operating motor, the source should be quickly isolated and corrected. What seems to be an obvious source of the noise or vibration may be a symptom of a hidden problem. Therefore, a thorough investigation is often required. Noise and vibrations can be caused by a misaligned motor shaft or can be transmitted to the motor from the driven machine or power transmission system. They can also be the result of either electrical or mechanical unbalance in the motor. After checking the motor shaft alignment, disconnect the motor from the driven load. If the motor then operates smoothly, look for the source of noise or vibration in the driven equipment. If the disconnected motor still vibrates, remove power from the motor. If the vibration stops, look for an electrical unbalance. If it continues as the motor coasts without power, look for a mechanical unbalance. Electrical unbalance occurs when the magnetic attraction between stator and rotor is uneven around the periphery of the motor. This causes the shaft to deflect as it rotates creating a mechanical unbalance. Electrical unbalance usually indicates an electrical failure such as an open tator or rotor winding, an open bar or ring in squirrel cage motors or shorted field coils in synchronous motors. An uneven air gap, usually from badly worn sleeve bearings, also produces electrical unbalance. The chief causes of mechanical unbalance include a distorted mounting, bent shaft, poorly balanced rotor, loose parts on the rotor or bad bearings. Noise can also come from the fan hittin g the frame, shroud, or foreign objects inside the shroud. If the bearings are bad, as indicated by excessive bearing noise, determine why the bearings failed. Brush chatter is a motor noise that can be caused by vibration or other problems unrelated to vibration. WINDINGS: Care of Windings and Insulation Except for expensive, high horsepower motors, routine inspections generally do not involve opening the motor to inspect the windings. Therefore, long motor life requires selection of the proper enclosure to protect the windings from excessive dirt, abrasives, moisture, oil and chemicals. When the need is indicated by severe operating conditions or a history of winding failures, routine testing can identify deteriorating insulation. Such motors can be removed from service and repaired before unexpected failures stop production. Whenever a motor is opened for repair, service the windings as follows: 1. Accumulated dirt prevents proper cooling and may absorb moisture and other contaminants that damage the insulation. Vacuum the dirt from the windings and internal air passages. Do not use high pressure air because this can damage windings by driving the dirt into the insulation. 2. Abrasive dust drawn through the motor can abrade coil noses, removing insulation. If such abrasion is found, the winding should be revarnished or replaced. . Moisture reduces the dielectric strength of insulation which results in shorts. If the inside of the motor is damp, dry the motor per information in â€Å"Cleaning and Drying Windings†. 4. Wipe any oil and grease from inside the motor. Use care with solvents that can attack the insulation. 5. If the insulation appears brittle, overheated or cracked, the motor should be revarn ished or, with severe conditions, rewound. 6. Loose coils and leads can move with changing magnetic fields or vibration, causing the insulation to wear, crack or fray. Revarnishing and retying leads may correct minor problems. If the loose coil situation is severe, the motor must be rewound. 7. Check the lead-to-coil connections for signs of overheating or corrosion. These connections are often exposed on large motors but taped on small motors. Repair as needed. 8. Check wound rotor windings as described for stator windings. Because rotor windings must withstand centrifugal forces, tightness is even more important. In addition, check for loose pole pieces or other loose parts that create unbalance problems. 9. The cast rotor rods and end rings of squirrel cage motors rarely need attention. However, open or broken rods create electrical unbalance that increases with the number of rods broken. An open end ring causes severe vibration and noise. TESTING WINDINGS Routine field testing of windings can identify deteriorating insulation permitting scheduled repair or replacement of the motor before its failure disrupts operations. Such testing is good practice especially for applications with severe operating conditions or a history of winding failures and for expensive, high horsepower motors and locations where failures can cause health and safety problems or high economic loss. The easiest field test that prevents the most failures is the ground-insulation or 127 megger test. It applies DC voltage, usually 500 or 1000 volts, to the motor and measures the resistance of the insulation. NEMA standards require a minimum resistance to ground at 40 degrees C ambient of 1 mega ohm per kv of rating plus 1 mega ohm. Medium size motors in good condition will generally have mega ohmmeter readings in excess of 50 mega ohms. Low readings may indicate a seriously reduced insulation condition caused by contamination from moisture, oil or conductive dirt or deterioration from age or excessive heat. One megger reading for a motor means little. A curve recording resistance, with the motor cold and hot, and date indicates the rate of deterioration. This curve provides the information needed to decide if the motor can be safely left in service until the next scheduled inspection time. The megger test indicates ground insulation condition. It does not, however, measure turn-to-turn insulation condition and may not pick up localized weaknesses. Moreover, operating voltage peaks may stress the insulation more severely than megger voltage. Experience and conditions may indicate the need for additional routine testing. A test used to prove existence of a safety margin above operating voltage is the AC high potential ground test. It applies a high AC voltage (typically, 65% of a voltage times twice the operating voltage plus 1000 volts) between windings and frame. Although this test does detect poor insulation condition, the high voltage can arc to ground, burning insulation and frame, and can also actually cause failure during the test. It should never be applied to a motor with a low megger reading. DC rather than AC high potential tests are becoming popular because the test equipment is smaller and the low test current is less dangerous to people and does not create damage of its own. CLEANING AND DRYING WINDINGS Motors which have been flooded or which have low megger readings because of contamination by moisture, oil or conductive dust should be thoroughly cleaned and dried. The methods depend upon available equipment. A hot water hose and detergents are commonly used to remove dirt, oil, dust or salt concentrations from rotors, stators and connection boxes. After cleaning, the windings must be dried, commonly in a forced-draft oven. Time to obtain acceptable megger readings varies from a couple hours to a few days. BRUSH AND COMMUTATOR CARE Some maintenance people with many relatively trouble-free AC squirrel cage motors forget that brushes and commutators require more frequent routine inspection and service. The result can be unnecessary failures between scheduled maintenance. Many factors are involved in brush and commutator problems. All generally involve brush sparking usually accompanied by chatter and often excessive wear or chipping. Sparking may result from poor commutator conditions or it may cause them. The degree of sparking should be determined by careful visual inspection. The illustrations shown in Fig. 5 are a useful guide. It is very important that you gauge the degree number as accurately as possible. The solution to the problem may well depend upon the accuracy of your answer since many motor, load, environmental and application conditions can cause sparking. It is also imperative that a remedy be determined as quickly as possible. Sparking generally feeds upon itself and becomes worse with time until serious damage results. Some of the causes are obvious and some are not. Some are constant and others intermittent. Therefore, eliminating brush sparking, especially when it is a chronic or recurring problem, requires a thorough review of the motor and operating conditions. Always recheck for sparking after correcting one problem to see that it solved the total problem. Also remember that, after grinding the commutator and properly reseating the brushes, sparking will occur until the polished, brown surface reforms on the commutator. Figure 5. Degrees of Generator and Motor Sparking NOTE: Small sparks are yellow in colour, and the large sparks are white in colour. The white sparks, or blue-white sparks, are most detrimental to commutation (both brush and commutator). First consider external conditions that affect commutation. Frequent motor overloads, vibration and high humidity cause sparking. Extremely low humidity allows brushes to wear through the needed polished brown commutator surface film. Oil, paint, acid and other chemical vapours in the atmosphere contaminate brushes and the commutator surface. Look for obvious brush and brush holder deficiencies: 1. Be sure brushes are properly seated, move freely in the holders and are not too short. 2. The brush spring pressure must be equal on all brushes. 3. Be sure spring pressure is not too light or too high. Large motors with adjustable springs should be set at about 3 to 4 pounds per square inch of brush surface in contact with the commutators. 4. Remove dust that can cause a short between brush holders and frame. 5. Check lead connections to the brush holders. Loose connections cause overheating. Look for obvious commutator problems: 1. Any condition other than a polished, brown surface under the brushes indicates a problem. Severe sparking causes a rough blackened surface. An oil film, paint spray, chemical contamination and other abnormal conditions can cause a blackened or discolored surface and sparking. Streaking or grooving under only some brushes or flat and burned spots can result from a load mismatch and cause motor electrical problems. Grooved commutators should be removed from service. A brassy appearance shows excessive wear on the surface resulting from low humidity or wrong brush grade. 2. High mica or high or low commutator bars make the brushes jump, causing sparking. 3. Carbon dust, copper foil or other conductive dust in the slots between commutator bars causes shorting and sometimes sparking between bars. If correcting any obvious deficiencies does not eliminate sparking or noise, look to the less obvious possibilities: 1. If brushes were changed before the problem became apparent, check the grade of brushes. Weak brushes may chip. Soft, low abrasive brushes may allow a thick film to form. High friction or high abrasion brushes wear away the brown film, producing a brassy surface. If the problem appears only under one or more of the brushes, two different grades of brushes may have been installed. Generally, use only the brushes recommended by the motor manufacturer or a qualified brush expert. 2. The brush holder may have been reset improperly. If the boxes are more than 1/8†³ from the commutator, the brushes can jump or chip. Setting the brush holder off neutral causes sparking. Normally the brushes must be equally spaced around the commutator and must be parallel to the bars so all make contact with each bar at the same time. 3. An eccentric commutator causes sparking and may cause vibration. Normally, concentricity should be within . 001†³ on high speed, . 002†³ on medium speed and . 04†³ on slow speed motors. 4. Various electrical failures in the motor windings or connections manifest themselves in sparking and poor commutation. Look for shorts or opens in the armature circuit and for grounds, shorts or opens in the field winding circuits. A weak interpole circuit or large air gap also generate brush sparking. SAFETY ACCIDENT in industrial sector defin es any incident which has potential to cause injury to human, loss of property and damage to environment. Causes for occurrence of accident * Unsafe Act * Unsafe Conditions Hazards * Conditions prevailing in work place finally leading to accidents. Types * Mechanical * Electrical * Chemical * Environmental Precautions * Look overhead * Watch steps * Wear shoes and helmets * Take care of the flow opening * Avoid lose clothing * Always carry your I-D card CONCLUSION In this project, I have studied the working of electrical repair shop and about the function of Bhilai steel plant. I have obtained some knowledge about * Rolling mill * Blast furnace * Electrical repair shop * Motor windings BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES TAKEN DURING THE TENURE OF THE VOCATIONAL TRANING INTERNET: www. google. com INTRANRT: SAIL, BSP INTRANET SITE How to cite Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Essay examples
Thursday, December 5, 2019
Principles of Management for DHP Stores Inc - myassignmenthelp
Question: Discuss about thePrinciples of Management for DHP Stores Inc. Answer: Synopsis From the case study, it could be understood that the business organisation DHP Stores Inc. lacked certain strengths to manage marketing campaigns for the promotion of new credit cards to ensure customer trust and loyalty. D.H.P. Stores Inc. is a consumer based retail company that provides good quality hardware and houseware items to the customers for fulfilling their daily needs and requirements. Due to the immense competition in the market by Canadian Tire, Home Hardware, etc., the organisation has planned for new credit cards delivered to the customers. This would provide them with additional $25 credit and other benefits that could be obtained by signing on for the first monthly bill. Ray Patton has criticised the marketers of the company for not managing the marketing and promotional campaigns properly, which is one of the most important things to be considered rather than focusing on seasonal promotions. The finance and marketing departments could not properly implement the cred it card promotion campaign, and there had been criticisms related to the lack of financial functions to monitor, collect, administer and authorize the credit card facilities (Adler, Elmhorst Lucas, 2012). Thus, the focus was on the promotion of credit cards to expand customer base and gain their trust and loyalty, rather than just prioritising on the advertisements of products and services of D.H.P. Stores Inc., Canada. Symptoms There could be various negative symptoms or effects created due to the lack of promoting the program for introducing new credit card for the customers. There was lack of marketing campaign materials and data, because of which the introduction of new credit cards could not be done appropriately. Few symptoms of not introducing the new credit card facilities or program for the customers could be lesser trust and loyalty among the customers along with lack of sales due to failure in attracting customers consistently. The other companies have given stiff competition to D.H.P. Stores Inc., and so it is important for the company to bring out something unique for enhancing the size of purchases per unit made by the customers as well as attract more customers, furthermore creating a sense of trust and loyalty among them (Amine, 2015). The business organisation is unable to create a mark because the Finance department has not authorised the credit card facilities properly and thus the collect ion and administration of finance solutions have not been managed. The Operations' role was not astonishing and good as well, which created further complexities in implementing the credit card program properly (Barak, 2016). Problems Lack of management principles within the workplace of D.H.P Stores Inc. could lead to complexities for the workers to understand their roles and responsibilities properly. From the case study, it could be seen that Operations and Finance departments were unable to implement the credit card program easily, because of which the performance of the company deteriorated along with the decrease in organisational productivity. The problems faced here was lack of marketing campaign materials for the promotion of new credit cards at the various stores of DHP Stores Inc. in Canada (Berman et al., 2012). The company could not sustain within the business environment because all the competitors in business had managed their credit cards, which resulted in increasing the customers holding the credit cards much more than the non-credit cardholders. However, the authorising, monitoring and collection of credit card facilities were the duty of Finance department, still it was assumed that the introdu ction of credit card program with the involvement of various marketing and promotional activities had been the roles of Operations department. Thus, one of the major problems had been lack of understanding and clarification of clear roles and responsibilities, which would be essential for accomplishing the organisational goals and objectives with ease (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2013). The principles of management were not implemented in a structured way, which created other issues related to marketing and this led to the reduction in sales as well. Other problems faced within the workplace had been no such interest and enthusiasm among the workers at the stores considering that they needed to prioritise on the credit card sales more than the seasonal promotions for the products and services of DHP Stores Inc., Canada (Kobersy et al., 2015). Causes The main cause of such kinds of problems was the lack of interest among the workers at the store level. The employees were specialised in different departments, and as such, they did possess different skills and knowledge. So, it is evident that for the finance department workers cannot handle the implementation of credit card program properly whereas the workers in the Operations department will not be able to manage authorisation of credit facilities, enable monitoring, collection and administration of financial procedures. The marketing was not done properly as well which created issues while establishing a link between the promotional and advertising activities related to the issuing of credit cards and improve sales level (Perreault Jr, Cannon McCarthy, 2013). The efforts that were put during the promotion of credit cards were quite low due to lack of skills, knowledge and expertise among the employees of DHP Stores Inc. in Canada. Alternatives Communication is an effective way of resolving management conflicts and ensures that the operations and finance department workers interact with each other and establish a link between the marketing strategy with the business aims and objectives. Communicating with each other can sometimes result in conflicts and misunderstanding due to different views and opinions that may further result in issues during the marketing and promotional activities (Rudani, 2013). It is important to identify the issue as an opportunity to turn that weak area into strengths to facilitate the marketing process and ensure successful relationship with the customers along with providing them with additional benefits like 30-day free credit and even $25 credit after generating the first monthly bill. Secured credit cards should be offered for ensuring profitable access to the customer segments and even make the credit value act as an important marketing channel too (Soll, Keeney Larrick, 2013). Providing development sessions can enhance their potential skills and make them knowledgeable and focused on how to promote the credit cards as well as attract more customers regularly, furthermore create a positive mindset among them. The developmental sessions could be managed to proper monitoring of employee performances, and this would help in enhancing their level of effort, allow them to get more focused on fulfilling their marketing roles and responsibilities. Proposed solution Among these three proposed solutions, communication is the most effective solution for marketing and promoting the credit card program, attract more customers and create loyalty among them too. It can make the employees focus on the products based on the consumer needs. It would thereby deliver better value propositions and create a predictable customer base as well. The problem related to the lack of marketing and promotion of credit card materials will be overcome by combining both marketing and underwriting (Williams, 2013). The marketing message promoted should make adjustments so that the accounts do not incur cost more than a certain limit. By offering secured credit cards, it would generate more profit for the customers without any added risks and even manage the credit value as an effective marketing channel for DHP Stores Inc. The skilled and knowledgeable employees would be able to able to think beyond the major benefits offered by debit cards such as no need to pay bills, protection against fraud activities and overspending risks. There is emergence of risks asscociated with the debit cards like mini-exodus, which has given enough opportunities for DHP Stores Inc to provide new accounts to the reward portfolios of the customers (Barak, 2016). This would resolve issues and even allow the customers to gain additional benefits while making monthly purchases. Better communication could be promoted by the involvement of social media as well. Implementation The finance department should provide easy, intuitive as well as transparent services that are possible with the introduction of new credit cards. The credit card program implemented should deliver good marketing messages to people and would avoid any annual fee and penalty rates. As the competitors are also accustomed with the marketing of new credit cards, it would be important for DHP Stores Inc to offer innovation regarding the valuable features offered. To ensure that more customers are inclined to the organisation, the social media channels are involved as well in promoting the credit card facilities and benefits that can be gained by the customers. The management must maintain credible sources of information and data that can be used for promoting the new credit card and ensure that the Finance and Operations work in coordination to accomplish the business aims and objectives easily (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2013). Furthermore, it would facilitate the customers' services, enhance the amount of purchases made by customers and maintain customer loyalty too. References Adler, R., Elmhorst, J. M., Lucas, K. (2012).Communicating at work: Principles and practices for business and the professions. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Amine, L. S. (2015). A study of the diffusion, acceptance and marketing of credit cards in the Middle East. InProceedings of the 1989 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 89-92). Springer, Cham. Barak, M. E. M. (2016).Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Berman, E. M., Bowman, J. S., West, J. P., Van Wart, M. R. (2012).Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage. Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A. (2013).International marketing. Cengage Learning. Kobersy, I. S., Barmuta, K. A., Muradova, S. S., Dubrova, L. I., Shkurkin, D. (2015). The system of the methodological principles of management of enterprise development. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3 S4), 25. Perreault Jr, W., Cannon, J., McCarthy, E. J. (2013).Basic marketing. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Rudani, R. B. (2013).Principles of management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Soll, J. B., Keeney, R. L., Larrick, R. P. (2013). Consumer misunderstanding of credit card use, payments, and debt: causes and solutions.Journal of Public Policy Marketing,32(1), 66-81. Williams, C. (2013).Principles of management. South-Western Cengage Learning.
Thursday, November 28, 2019
Fitzgerald Protagonists Essays - The Great Gatsby,
Fitzgerald Protagonists There is a very direct similarity between one's behavior and one's environment. Humans are products of the environments they inhabit. Humans evolve and adopt behaviors which are very similar to those found in their social climate. This is especially true when examining the characters of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald presents the characters in his novels as products of a society void of moral integrity. Since Fitzgerald's protagonists in The Last Tycoon, The Great Gatsby, and Tender is The Night, succumb to the moral desert of high society, they end their lives in failure. Fitzgerald places his protagonist in The Last Tycoon, The Great Gatsby , and Tender is The Night, in the moral desert of high society; an environment very foreign to these characters. Jay Gatsby, the protagonist in The Great Gatsby, is drawn into the decadent and morally defunct society of upper-class Long Island. Daisy illustrates the moral void that exists in the Long Island society when she discusses her daughter with Nick. Daisy says: It'll show you how I've gotten to feel about--things. Well, she was less than an hour old and Tom was God knows where. I woke up out of the ether with an utterly abandoned feeling, and asked the nurse right away if it was a boy or a girl. She told me it was a girl and so I turned my head away and wept. ?All right,' I said, ?I'm glad it's a girl. And I hope she'll be a fool-- that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.' ... I (Nick) felt the basic insincerity of what she had said. It made me uneasy... as if she had asserted her membership in a rather distinguished secret society to which she and Tom belonged (21). Daisy depicts the moral void that exists in Gatsby's society with her insensitive and selfish response to her daughter's birth. In addition to this Daisy also depicts the snobbery that exists in this society through the way she treats Nick, the narrator of the novel. Nick makes an observation that shows the lack of moral value held by the Long Island society when he describes Tom and Daisy. Nick says, "They were careless people, Tom and Daisy -- they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made . . ."(180) These quotes clearly illustrate the insensitivity, snobbery and utter selfishness held by those who inhabit the morally void society. This society influences Gatsby's moral decline. The amoral Long Island society in The Great Gatsby is very similar to the corrupt Hollywood society found in The Last Tycoon. Again in The Last Tycoon the protagonist is catapulted into a corrupt society that is unfamiliar to him. The protagonist Stahr, has entered into a deviant society saturated with characters full of lust, greed, and capitalism. The narrator depicts the valueless society and what it can do to decent people when describing the character Reinmund. The narrator says: Reinmund was a handsome young opportunist, with a fairly good education. Originally a man of some character, he was being forced daily by his anomalous position into devious ways of acting and thinking. He was a bad man now, as men go. At thirty he had none of the virtues which either gentile Americans or Jews are taught to think admirable. (46) Reindmund is representative of many of the people living in Hollywood. Therefore the above quote proves Stahr did in fact enter into a society lacking virtue. The moral decay of this society can also be seen through the characters Cecilia Brady, and her father, Pat Brady. Cecilia Brady is a character of very little moral value. She lusts after Stahr and throws herself at him while he is involved with the woman of his dreams, Thalia. Her father Pat Brady is an equally immoral character. An example of this behavior can be seen when he attempts to steal the production business from his partner. He tries to achieve this when Stahr (his business partner) is extremely ill in New York. Not only is Brady a shady businessman he also a capitalist participating in the immoral act of degrading the art of film-making to increase profits. Writer R. A. Gallo, makes a similar observation about Hollywood's cultural wasteland as she writes: In The Last Tycoon Fitzgerald examines his conception of the contemporary wasteland. The deprivation of
Monday, November 25, 2019
Edith Wharton Books
Edith Wharton Books Edith Wharton wrote several books between 1900 and 1938. Wharton travelled extensively during the World War I and assisted war victims in Paris. Her novel, The Age of Innocence won the Pulitzer price. Critics and readers considered this novel to be the best literary work of Edith Wharton.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Edith Wharton Books specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The novel reflects the desire and betrayal in the old city of New York. Several works of Wharton show extensive use of dramatic irony. Her works reflect the lives of American upper class through the use of humor and empathy in describing their lives, and changes in New York towards the beginning of the 20th century. This essay shall analyze two short stories (Roman Fever and The Other Two) of Wharton in terms of themes and stylistic features. Feminist critics have looked at the works of Wharton in relations to prevailing social and political circums tances with regard to acceptance of women. The social aspects focused on marital duties and responsibilities of women, particular in The Other Two and Roman Fever. Wharton looks at the social prejudice against women at her times. For instance, she discusses issues of sexual gratification men derived from women, marriages for convenience, malicious divorce, and professional working relations. She sees sexual identity of women as suppressed by men, and women submissively accepted and internalized their roles in a patriarchal society as the other sex. Women believed lies of men in reference to their sexual and responsibilities in society. It is the social hegemony that creates the otherness in women. Feminists believe that men wish to control women because of their efforts for sexual dominance. Wharton addresses social challenges and advantages women derive from being wives of socially and financially advanced men. Wharton shows that women value social status rather than love. In Roman Fever, Alida Slade derives her happiness from social advantages she gets from Delphin as a wife. For instance, the author notes that â€Å"It was a big drop from being the wife of Delphin Slade to being his widow. As the wife of the famous corporation lawyer, always with an international case or two on hand, every day brought its exciting and unexpected obligation: the impromptu entertaining of eminent colleagues from abroad, the hurried dashes on legal business to London, Paris or Rome, where the entertaining was so handsomely reciprocated; the amusement of hearing in her wakes: What, that handsome woman with the good clothes and the eyes is Mrs. Slade- the Slades wife! Really! Generally the wives of celebrities are such frumps†(Wharton 83). On the other hand, in The Other Two, Wharton looks at the role and status of women, challenges of married women, children and parent relationship, divorce issues and the dynamic social society with a critical perspective on love affair s outside marriage. The author notes that every woman must choose what works for her in social context.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, some women decide not to marry, but choose to face the social risk by using a temporary liaisons build on sexual desires and mutual trusts. Conversely, in Roman Fever, Mrs. Slade views marriage as a means of achieving social success. These thoughts create bitter rivals among the women fighting for the same man. Wharton’s The Other Two demonstrates how women have used divorce and remarriage to advance themselves in the social ladder. This is what Alice Waythorn does. Alice has been able to attain and adapt to new marriages and expectations. Alice considers herself to be at the highest point of success when she is Waythorn’s wife. After the honeymoon, Mr. Waythorn must face the reality and acknowledge the fact that Alice has changed, but he must accept her the way she is. Wharton tries to show how men have always defined women. In the eyes of men, women have always been objects of sexual gratification and possessions. At the same time, men have used women to make their social interaction easy and provide a touch of comfort to their ego and competitive instinct. Alice does not change outwardly, but in the eyes of Waythorn she goes through a series of changes. Waythorn likes the girlish traits in Alice. This is also a trait Waythorn likes because he feels that it makes him look young. Waythorn sees Alice as having the right to divorce in both her marriages. He feels that Alice was the wronged party. During the beginning of the story, Waythorn can only see the positive sides of her lover. However, at the end of the novel, Waythorn also begins to see Alice mistakes. This creates discomfort in Waythorn, but he recognizes the fact that Alice is a mixed being just like himself. The social w orld has created women into what they are. These creations and transformation of women are the products men like Waythorn desires and crave to get. Alice knows that her body is her only resource. Therefore, she must use it to her advantage. In this regard, a woman becomes a product who can only be acquired by the highest bidder. Roman Fever looks at the illicit sexual content in society. Grace shares an illicit and secret love with Delphin Slade. Wharton notes that â€Å"Alida feels a bit remorseful for a moment, but her animosity returns when she considers that Grace harbored secret love for her husband over the years and had been living on that letter†(Wharton 86). Therefore, to Grace, Roman Fever does not only mean catching cold, but also the burning fever of secret love at the Colosseum. Slade influences women with his possessions and wealth. On the other hand, Horace remains sterile and contributes nothing to the story. Horace also has no sexual fever to sire children. Therefore, Roman Fever becomes a symbolic way of fulfilling sexual desires.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Edith Wharton Books specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wharton shows that women are capable beings just like men. Women are able to adapt to any situation and progress socially. For instance, Alice is able to adapt to her divorces and move on the social ladder. Alice further fits into different situations by becoming an actress. Wharton purposefully makes men the audience at the show. Waythorn does not like several sides of his wife, but he must accept her as a performer. Wharton reveals the negative attitude society or men have towards female performers. Men look at actresses as women of loose morals. However, they fail to appreciate the difficult tasks of performing. Men feel that women have abandoned their privacy in order to satisfy public demands for shows. Though men are unappreciative, they must progress towards accepting diverse women’s roles in society as Waythorn does. This point enables readers to see Alice as a capable woman, gifted as an actress and able to overcome the challenges of life. Roman Fever shows that women may reject domestic gestures, and opt for other social context in society. For instance, Grace Ansley prefers to confront others, particular Alida Slades. Alida demonstrates the resistances to male dominance that has affected women as a fever. Grace rejects the social notions of paternity and leaves her daughter for any suitor and even hints that the two daughters (Barbara and Jenny) shall be rivals for the same love. This is a character that puts the whole idea of paternity and patriarchal in America at stake. These have been the conventional reference point for women during times of Wharton. Social lives are full of deconstructive passions. There are passions Wharton portrays as love, vengeance, enmity, jealousy and fear. These strong passions permeate t he relationship between Grace Ansley and Alida Slade. There is a strong passion growing between Grace and Delphin (Alida’s fiancà ©). Consequently, fear of losing her fiancà © and desire for revenge consumes Alida. She then hatches a plot to expose Grace to a chill that will make Grace sick and remain isolated from Delphin. The next twenty-five years contain growing hatred Alida has for Grace. Alida also does not like Barbara (Grace’s daughter) because she is superior to her own (Jenny). Grace must also live with a sterile Horace while Delphin, the father of her daughter, lives with Alida in the neighborhood.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wharton is a writer gifted with the use of language in expressing the social context of Americans changing society. She uses language artistically to attack social and sexual prejudices against women. Wharton uses symbols in Roman Fever to refer to several aspects of the story. For instance, the title of the story Roman Fever shows Grace’s sexual attraction towards Delphin. This leads to siring of a love child, Barbara. This also creates hatred between Alida Slade and Grace Ansley. The knitting symbolizes the challenges joining the social and marriage lives of Grace and Alida. Crimson silk represents the passionate love Alida, and Grace probably have for Delphin. As Grace drops her knitting, a destroyed relationship comes to display between the two characters. Evening darkness shows the discovery of dark secrets between Alida and Grace. On the other hand, The Other Two shows use of symbolism through both male and female characters. Waythorn represents male figures under the i nfluence of patriarchal and economically depended society. Male figures in the changing society have their eyes focused on advancing their social status in society at the expense of their marriages. Waythorn is unable to understand his wife, Alice. Wharton shows the destructive effects on wives and marriages of a society too depend on material wealth. Just like material wealth, society also sees a woman as a possession of a man. Through the troubled and divorced marriages of Alice, Wharton shows the readers the consequences of such acts on both the wife and subsequent husbands, who fail to see any other adorable features in their wives, and concentrate on their wives past experiences with their former husbands. We must understand the psychological and social implications of divorce. Wharton offers readers various perspectives to analyze the consequences of divorce and marriages. Wharton also presents her works through the use of irony. For instance, Alida Slade tell Grace that †Å"I was wondering, ever so respectfully, you understand wondering how two such exemplary characters as you and Horace had managed to produce anything quite so dynamic†(Lewis 120). Alida refers to Barbara. Horace is sterile and incapable of fathering children. This irony confirms doubts Alida has been having regarding the paternity of Barbara. The setting of the story is a Colosseum. This is damp and cold place. Colosseum served as a fighting place for gladiators. Unknowingly, Grace and Alida have used all the tools in their lives to fight as gladiators. They have used their husbands, bodies, daughters and lives to settle twenty-five years old rivalry. They also have explored both literal and figurative means of killing each other (Killoran 98). Conversely, The Other Two reflects instance of irony in the manner Alice relates with her daughter. The relationship between mother and daughter shows no paternity connections. Alice shows lack of concern for her sick child. Instead, s he is more worried about the impending visit of her ex-husband than her daughter’s well-being. Once the Waythorns have settled the issue, Alice relaxes, but the health condition of her daughter has not changed. During periods of Wharton, typhoid was a serious illness, which mothers could not ignore to concentrate on a visit of an ex-husband. Wharton shows that not all women can rise to the motherly roles society expected of them. This reveals a low opinion of her character, Alice as a mother. The two stories, The Other Two and Roman Fever show that being self is weak and marriage affects everyone to the very core. When we look at the two stories together, we see that marriage is a slippery and even dangerous involvement. This is because individual characters change. This makes married couples find their lives changing beyond their control. For instance, Waythorn wonders how Alice could adapt to three different men after divorce as Alice Haskett, Alice Varick and now Alice Way thorn. This leads him to conclude that Alice is as easy as an old shoe. She had left her a little emotion, privacy, personality and unknown self in every marriage. Divorce exposes the manners and stern attitudes that couples choose to conceal or express about the nature of their sexual affairs, both social and psychological torture, and prejudice couples endure after divorce (Haytock 133). The Other Two gives Wharton an opportunity to present her central female character, Alice through the eyes of a man, Waythorn. She lets the readers see the mistakes of Waythorn judgment regarding her wife. Readers wonder whether Waythorn could have been able to adapt with different women as her wife did. By choosing female characters to be the protagonists of the two stories, Wharton highlights that women are equally superior to men as their roles demand. Wharton also portrays the issues of moral standards society expects from both men and women in order to rise above the social ladder and avoid t endencies of savagery. Wharton lets readers see a different Alice from the one Waythorn knows. Wharton shows readers the strength in women and struggle they experience in order to perform the ever-changing and difficult tasks of pleasing men. The Other Two and Roman Fever have their secret aspects. For example, characters are in dismaying situations, particular the rivalry, marriage and divorce issues, but we must see the humorous sides of the story. These stories present no comical or tragic ending but Wharton allows the stories to social challenges in marriage and modern society. Haytock, Jennifer. Edith Wharton and the Conversations of Literary Modernism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Print. Killoran, Helen. The Critical Reception of Edith Wharton. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2001. Print. Lewis, Nancy. The Letters of Edith Wharton. New York: Collier Books, 1988. Print. Wharton, Edith. Roman Fever. New York: Liberty Publishing, 1934. Print.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
The City, the Subject and the Digital Image Essay
The City, the Subject and the Digital Image - Essay Example Urban alienation, therefore, becomes a favored subject in the works of literature and visual arts.       Red Road, an impressive, idiosyncratic and directorial debut by Andrea Arnold, the winner of the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival of 2006, is a suspense thriller known for its complex structure and theme of alienation. This movie is the first of three films that originated as a part of Lars von Trier’s post-Dogma Advance Party project, wherein Arnold and two other new directors were to create three low-budget DV films in different genres around a minimally outlined set of characters that are to be played by the same group of actors. The movie unfolds with the theme of abuse of information through the electronic surveillance devised by the governments of the twentieth century. Electronic surveillance, which is practiced for the benefit of the public for their social coherence and protection, in fact becomes a tool in the hands of some who desire more from the society. The modern surveillance technology is effective in delivering virtual truth through the proliferation of high-resolution cameras that are largely looming over urban areas. If this can be seen as a mode of protection, then it can also be identified as a fine example of modern authoritarianism that is progressively diminishing our privacy. In Red Road, we find electronic surveillance becoming a personalized virtual power used by the protagonist to serve her purpose of revenge. Plot:       Set in Glasgow, Red Road depicts the story of Jackie (Kate Dickie), who is a low-paid CCTV operative whose duty is to scan the northern side of the city and to alert the emergency services to events like stabbings and muggings that require their presence. Jackie is in her thirties who is devoid of family and friends and her life, mostly robotic, is limited to the occasional smiles that occur while watching over the normal life of ordinary folks on-screen. She clo sely monitors the many CCTV cameras from a lonely dark room and passes her time by watching the life of those people who live nearer to cameras. Her routine is disrupted when she spots Clyde (Tony Curran), the man responsible for the deaths of her husband and young child, who is in parole for good behavior. Jackie tries to gather some dirt on Clyde by misusing her position of CCTV operator. In vengeance, she begins to remotely pursuit Clyde and to learn more of his life she even begins to physically stalking Clyde. Clyde, who shares a flat in the Red Road Estate with the disturbed youngsters Stevie (Martin Compston) and April (Natalie Press), draws himself closer to Jackie. Jackie, after several meetings, sleeps with Clyde and then accuses him of rape. Clyde's attempts to re-unite with his own teenage girl dissolve the hatred in Jackie and she drops the charges. The movie ends with a positive note, wherein we find Jackie reconciling with her in-laws and is contemplating a future. An alysis: Choosing Glasgow for the plot invites our attention and appreciation as the city serves as a location where the story unwinds, characters meet and explore their own racial and sexual identities. Being a city Glasgow captures the consciousness of its citizens and accentuated social cohesion, where every citizen is dependent on each other for their very existence. The city through its
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Employment law - Essay Example Under this act, employers are only allowed to hire persons who are permitted legally to work in the United States of America. They include citizens of the country and legally permitted aliens. An employer can suffer civil penalties if found hiring or continuing to employ an unauthorized alien. They will be required to stop the unlawful behavior and pay a fine. They can be fined in a range of between $250 and $2000 per unauthorized foreign worker depending on the extent that they breach the act. Employers who fail to prepare and present Forms I-9 as required by the act will be liable for civil penalties that range between $100 and $1000.Extent of violation and size of the business are factors that will be considered in deciding the penalty ( Holland and Burnett, 2007). Employers can also suffer criminal penalties from violating the act. Such penalties include a fine of up to $3000 and/or imprisonment of up to 5 years. In my opinion these consequences are enforced by the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement and failure to comply with them will lead to legal enforcement. Such consequences would tarnish the public image for the restaurant. Reforms and procedures that should be followed to comply with the act include; employment of aliens to be in accordance with the US Immigration Act, completing form I-9 to verify employment eligibility, and procedures for paying international employees
Monday, November 18, 2019
Improving Participation of the Staff Meeting in a University Essay
Improving Participation of the Staff Meeting in a University - Essay Example As I noted in my earlier Action Research Project Plan, which basically became the manual for this research, Hill defines management as â€Å"getting things done through and with other people†(Hill, ibid.). As the time has elapsed between writing that plan and concluding this research, I have become even more convinced that co-operation (the â€Å"through and with other people†of Hill’s notion) is an essential behaviour if the work of our group is to prosper.It will be recalled from that project plan that I have chosen to pursue this work through the qualitative paradigm of Action Research as a practitioner- researcher. I hoped during the research to improving my own skills in facilitating meetings and to improve practice through the implementation of change in the way meetings are run in my workplace. To be a successful practitioner- researcher, I understood that I must achieve what Ritchie and Spencer (1994: 173) have called â€Å"actionable outcomes†i n order to bring about the organisational change that I seek but that I must also maintain the academic rigour of the work. I found guidance for my approach to keeping this balance in the research in the work in Argyris' (1999: 432) who has made the social scientist's dilemma of choosing between rigour and relevance central to the way in which he has adapted Lewin's Action Research heritage. He concludes that: From the action researcher's perspective, the challenge is to define and meet standards of appropriate rigor without sacrificing relevance. (Italics in the original) Thus in mid November 2005 I began, with some confidence, to apply the wide range of data gathering techniques (including, collection of documentary evidence, observation, questionnaire, group discussion and analysis of my own reflective research journal) that I had planned earlier. I expected to do this within a highly practitioner centred approach that ensured academic appropriateness, rigour and relevance within the research as a whole. 2. An account of the situation and action to improve it I began the research by applying the data gathering methods that had been foreseen in the Action Research Project Plan. In this section I will report on the usage of these methods and demonstrate how they helped in the data collection process. Whilst each of these tools was used throughout the work, the emphasis and importance of each changed as the programme evolved and moved through the various cycles of the research from Reconnaissance to Review and Reflection. The programme of Reconnaissance data collection took place between the 1st November 2005 and Christmas of the same year with the data being analysed during the Christmas/New Year break. 2.1 Reflective research diary Firstly, I began to write my reflective research journal. This was quite a difficult task to maintain because although the early enthusiasm ensured that I sat down regularly at my computer I found that it was difficult to make the writing "reflective". I began to ask myself "what is it that makes this document a reflective journal and not just a diary" As a result of this difficulty I adopted an approach whereby I first wrote down a record of events and made notes of things that people had said or done during the period that I was recording. This was the diary phase of journal writing and was quite easy. I then got into the habit of going over the work and using the automatic highlighter, would colour code things that struck me as relevant to the ongoing research. It was through this routine that I developed my reflective skills and, for example, identified for myself the fact that one of my co-researchers had tendency to support
Friday, November 15, 2019
Water Air Pollution | Analysis
Water Air Pollution | Analysis Pollution Introduction Many people around the world can recall having walked on the street and seen smoke in the air or having walked on the beach and seen countless pop cans popping in the sand. This common event is known worldwide as pollution which is described as the occasion in which the land, air, and water become filthy with several pollutants affecting the plant life and other organisms that live in these conditions. Many of the contaminants involved in the pollution of the environment are fertilizers, sewage leakages, burning of fossil fuels and garbage. Although pollution is a worldwide problem there are people and whole countries that are fighting against it with greener alternatives to plastic, electricity, and gas. Water and Air Pollution Two main areas that are severely affected by pollution are both water and air where we can easily observe the drastic effects that our influence has on wildlife and the environment. Among the problems faced are the serious increases of disease in marine and terrestrial life that has led to the extinction of many species. Water pollution occurs more often today because of the large amount of waste that is dumped near water ways and the acid rain which has been the main source of contamination for most fresh watered lakes. In water pollution there are two types of pollutants the conventional and the non-conventional. The conventional pollutants are considered to be anything such as cans, paper, and plastic bags. The reason why these items and more are dangerous is because these solids glide over water and blocks the suns rays, which then disrupts the carbon dioxide/ oxygen coversion process, which is a vital process for the aquatic life food chain. Un-conventional pollutants are classi fied as those pollutants that are dissolved metals including both toxic and none toxic which are more dangerous than the conventional pollutants mentioned earlier. Most of the air pollution we observe in daily life is caused by automobiles; power plants, small businesses, and house hold products who release carbon dioxide into the environment which then leads to the formation of smog and acid rain. The pollutants causing air pollution are also responsible for causing diseases which could threaten the lives of both humans and animals. Among the most common diseases caused by such pollutants we can find bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart cancer. Soil and Noise Pollution Both soil and noise pollution are the least famous of all the pollutions; although they are not talked about as often as others they remain important. Soil pollution, is one of the most important of all the others principally because most of the things we eat and live off of are somehow related to the soil and if the soil is contaminated we all are affected in one way or another. Soil pollution is any presence of man made products in the natural soil environment. This type of contamination spreads from one point to another is by none point pollution which plays a pretty big role in how contaminants are spread from place to place. The way soil is contaminated is typically by percolation of contaminated surface waters, the application of pesticides, and the direct discharge of industrial waste. When none point pollution occurs also known as contaminated run off it drags contaminents as said before affecting this way the plants that live in the area and the water ways near it will also be contaminated. Among the places where soil pollution is commonly found are those places that are around or near an oil refinery, nuclear power station, and chemical factories. Other less recognized contributors to pollution are both domestic or industrial waste deposits and both agricultural and farming techniques. When taking into account all the factors that affect soil we must not forget chemical pollutants. The major chemical components affecting soil today are petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals. Noise pollution is not very famous although its drastic consequences are being felt and experienced by living organisms the world around. Noise contamination is the excess human created noise which is emitted by many modern appliances such as automobiles and other forms of transport, bulldozers, jack hammers, and other constructing equipment. Due to this pollution the hearing sensitivity of young children decreases year by year due to the fact that exposure to high noises affects the ear drum and such influences are serious at a young developing age. Other auditory problems are hearing loss that brings with it lack of sleep, heartburn, high blood pressure and indigestion all of which are common to most citizens that inhabit loud and noisy areas. Among other scientific studies on noise levels some scientists have concluded that the noise of passing truck disturbs neurological and cardiovascular functions in the human body, and noise induced stress causes severe tension in ones life wh ich may cause people to be victims of a mental disorders such as anxiety, nervousness and many more. These disorders lead to increasing psychological drug prescriptions and drug dependency among urban citizens who seek relief in medication because their outside world prohibits them from seeking relief somewhere else. Ways to stop pollution from getting worse The increasing percentage of pollution around the world has created alternative methods that are commonly used to stop the growing epidemic. Among growing increase of conventional pollutants the environmentalists and other world organizations have invented the three R systems that represent the three greener alternatives to polluting. The three are Rs are recycle, reuse, and reduce all of which are aimed at reducing our impact on the environment around us. For more advanced methods of reducing pollution in situations where pollution involves Non-Conventional methods it is highly recommended that the community use Bio technology which involves genetically modified organisms that are aimed at reducing our impact through utilizing organisms that would naturally eat or produce a certain chemical component and by modifying their genetic makeup we are able to produce bacteria that can clean up oil spills or reduce the time that plastic takes to decompose by hundreds of years. An example of this is seen in the country of Nicaragua who is being considered as a place to conduct scientific experiments with genetically modified bacteria in order to cleanse the Xolotlan Lake of all the contaminants that it contains. The pesticides utilized to spray pests away from crops are now being replaced with organically modified pesticides that provide the desired results without permanently damaging the soil. An excellent alternative to the increasing air pollution and gas shortage are the new alternatives being designed and created such as ethanol motors and biogas that has been proven to be an agent that releases significantly less toxins into the atmosphere then regular gas. We also have the option of buying a hybrid car that has the motor of a motorcycle that practically recharges itself each time it is accelerated. Conclusion In conclusion I believe that I have been able to express how sever the damages caused by pollution can effect both the environment and the living things that inhabit it. Also I would like to remind everyone that if we dont stop now the affects of pollution will intensify creating the effects of global warming also to increase and soon because of are irresponsibility the world will lose more than half of the fresh water left, and also various animal species even those that havent discovered yet. With this report I hope to have demonstrated how important it is to use alternatives in order save both the planet and ourselves. Works Cited Page Barnum, Susan R.Biotechnology an Introduction. United States, copyright 2005 Brooks/Cole division of Thomas Learning. â€Å"Noise Pollution: A Modern Plague. â€Å" Editorial. www.nonoise.org 6 Jan. 2007. 22 Feb.2008 â€Å"The Air Pollution Problem.†Members.aol.com 27 Mar.1998. 23 Feb.2008 â€Å"Noise Pollution.†Columbia Encyclopedia 6th ed.2002 Campbell, Neil A., et al. Biology Concepts Connections 4th ed. Scott Foresman-Addison Wesley, Glenview, Illinois
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
The English Bildungsroman Essay -- Literature Essays Literary Criticis
The English Bildungsroman     The novel has a strong tradition in English literature. In Great Britain, it can trace its roots back to Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe in 1719 (Kroll 23). Since then, the British novel has grown in popularity. It was especially popular in Victorian England. The type of novel that was particularly popular in Victorian England was the novel of youth. Many authors of the time were producing works focused on the journey from childhood to adulthood: Charlotte Bronte wrote Jane Eyre, George Eliot wrote The Mill on the Floss, and Charles Dickens wrote David Copperfield and Great Expectations. All of these novels trace the growth of a child. In this respect, some of the most popular novels of the nineteenth century were part of the genre called the Bildungsroman. In the simplest sense of the word, a Bildungsroman is a novel of the development of a young man (or in some cases a young woman). In fact, the Webster's College Dictionary definition of Bildungsroman is "a novel dealing with the education and development of its protagonist". The Bildungsroman as a genre has its roots in Germany. Jerome Buckley notes that the word itself is German, with Bildung having a variety of connotations: "portrait," "picture," "shaping" and "formation," all of which give the sense of development or creation (the development of the child can also be seen as the creation of the man) (13-14). Roman simply means "novel." The term Bildungsroman emerged as a description of Goethe's novel Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre. This was the first Bildungsroman, having been published between 1794 and 1796 (Buckley 9). The word "lehrjahre" can be translated as "apprenticeship" (Buckley 10). "Apprenticeship" has many connotations, mos... ...sroman. It is these differences precisely that make each novel its own story. After all, even though every person's story is different, they must all go through stages of development in order to reach maturity and find their personal niche within the larger world. The basic formula of the Bildungsroman is universal and especially appropriate to the growing world of the Victorian age where the kind of opportunities presented to the hero of the Bildungsroman echoed the actual experiences of those growing up in that era. Works Cited "Bildungsroman." Webster's College Dictionary. New York: Random House, 1996. Buckley, Jerome Hamilton. Season of Youth: The Bildungsroman from Dickens to Golding. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1974. Kroll, Richard. "Defoe and Early Narrative." Columbia History of the British Novel. Ed. John Richetti. New York: Columbia UP, 1994.
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